ABSTRACT

The transport sector in Pakistan is highly dependent on imported oil and is a major contributor to air pollution. The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) offers a viable solution to reduce emissions, improve urban air quality, and strengthen energy security. Despite these potential benefits, the rate of EV adoption remains significantly below the national target of 30 percent of new vehicles by 2030. This study investigates the underlying causes of Pakistan’s slow EV transition using a qualitative methodology based on the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) framework. Analysis of expert interviews and policy documents identifies barriers at multiple levels. At the macro level, economic challenges such as volatile fuel prices, currency instability, and reliance on a fossil-fuel- based power grid persist. At the meso level, institutional fragmentation, insufficient regulatory support, limited charging infrastructure, and resistance from the established automotive industry impede progress. At the micro level, high initial EV costs, restricted access to financing, low consumer awareness, and an underdeveloped domestic EV manufacturing sector present further obstacle. These challenges are mutually reinforcing, rendering incremental policy adjustments ineffective. As a result, current policies are inadequate, and the national EV targets are unlikely to be achieved without comprehensive systemic reforms. The study recommends the establishment of a central EV coordination authority to facilitate stakeholder alignment, rapid expansion of charging infrastructure alongside renewable energy integration, enhanced financial incentives and green financing mechanisms for EV purchases, and support for the development of the local EV industry. Implementing these coordinated, multi-level interventions is essential for Pakistan to realize its e-mobility goals and related climate and development targets. Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Sustainable Transition; Multi-Level Perspective; Policy Barriers; Green Energy; E-Mobility Policy