ABSTRACT
The research provides an in-depth analysis of the first and last-mile travel needs, and associated costs based on commuter perception in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The study employs a quantitative research approach and gathers data through a structured questionnaire administered to 360 respondents at 18 selected metro stations. A mixed linear regression (MLR) was employed to assess travel costs. The study highlights the impact of income levels on commuting costs, with gender and age-related patterns influencing commuting priorities. Walking is the preferred mode among commuters. Personal car ownership is prominent among higher-income groups. Despite the popularity of the metro bus service, safety and infrastructure concerns persist. Affordability emerges as a key factor, focusing on the need for comprehensive transportation planning, with 89.7% of respondents agreeing that cost is crucial. Challenges include uneven distribution of transportation modes and inadequate infrastructure. 89.4% of respondents agreed that there are no proper ramps and elevator facilities for elderly people and PWDs. The study concludes with policy recommendations to enhance safety, diversify transportation options, and address affordability and accessibility concerns for a more sustainable and equitable commuting experience in the twin cities.