ABSTRACT

Climate-Induced Displacement is an emerging humanitarian and development challenge, affecting millions globally. Pakistan is increasingly witnessing its severe consequences due to floods and other climate disasters. This study explores the lived experiences of Climate-Induced Displaced Persons (CIDPs) in Pakistan and focuses specifically on understanding the gender-specific vulnerabilities, protection gaps, and the extent of government services provision. It uses a qualitative dominant mix method approach, combining quantitative data from a structured questionnaire with qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data has only been used to explore the gender perspective regarding government assistance and their lived experiences as CIDPs. Insights for this study have been collected from Khairpur District of Sindh, one of the most affected regions from the 2022 mega-floods. The research critically evaluates the adequacy of existing institutional frameworks and protection mechanisms, finding that Pakistan not only lacks a comprehensive policy for CIDPs’ protection but also exhibits gaps in its protection mechanism in the form of the absence of aid coordination, emergency evacuation plans, and long- term rehabilitation plans.

Besides,  the study uses  textual analysis  to  uncover gaps  in  international  legal  frameworks, particularly those addressing the issue of displacement. The study reveals that these legal regimes remain fragmented, ambiguous, and lack enforceability, especially in the context of climate- induced displacement.

Furthermore, the study finds that CIDPs, both male and female, face significant challenges in the form of safe housing, privacy, and lack of access to health, education, and other basic necessities. However, it reveals that a female face has layered vulnerabilities. Thus, it highlights the need for a gender-sensitive approach to displacement policy. The study suggests the establishment of a CIDP commission that could document, report, and advocate for the rights of CIDPs. It also proposes strong monitoring and tracking mechanisms, mainstreaming CIDPs into disaster preparedness and response plans, and inter-agency coordination. This thesis aims to contribute to the discourse on a sustainable and rights-based approach to climate-induced displacement in Pakistan by addressing the immediate needs and structural vulnerabilities of CIDPs.